ISRO tests fuel cell to potentially power space missions

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Last Updated07/01/2024

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has achieved a milestone by successfully demonstrating a fuel cell in space.

ISRO tested a 100 W class Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell based Power System (FCPS) on its orbital platform, POEM3.
Objective: To assess the operation of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel cells in space and gather data for designing systems for future missions.
The fuel cell, deployed on the fourth stage of the PSLV, generated 180W of power during a brief test.
The fuel cell, developed by the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), serves as a precursor to future power systems for space stations.

Also known as proton exchange membrane fuel cells, they are electrochemical devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy.
They use a proton-conducting polymer membrane as the electrolyte and typically use hydrogen as the fuel.

Fuel Cells utilise hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity while producing heat and water as byproducts.
These are deemed ideal for human space missions due to the dual benefits of generating power and essential byproducts like heat and water.
This integrated system can cater to multiple mission requirements simultaneously.
They produce electricity directly and are efficient, emission-free, and ideal for space missions.
The zero-emission fuel cells may find applications on Earth as potential replacements for vehicle engines.

ISRO also successfully demonstrated a Silicon-based cell developed by VSSC, offering a cost-effective and lighter alternative to current cells.
This innovation utilizes a silicon-graphite composite, providing higher energy generation per unit weight compared to conventional Li-ion cells.

The demonstrated fuel cell is expected to be utilized in upcoming operational missions, offering a significant battery mass saving of 35-40%.
The design incorporates cost-effective hardware and a crimped sealing mechanism, reducing fabrication costs.